English + French bellow<\/p>\n
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The National Museum of Natural History of Paris has been involved in the rediscovery of hallucinogenic mushrooms in Mexico. Professor Roger Heim (1900 – 1979), director of the museum from 1951 to 1965, was the botanist who identified specimens collected by the Wassons, American ethnologists known for introducing the Anglophone world to indigenous Mexican rituals for the consumption of mushrooms for divinatory purposes.<\/p>\n
Valentina Pavlovna Wasson (1901-1958), was a Russian-born American pediatrician. Her husband, Robert Gordon Wasson (1898-1986), was a vice-president of the Morgan Bank. The couple became fascinated by ethnomycology, the study of relationship in between peoples and fungi. When working on their book Mushrooms, Russia and History<\/em>, the Wassons\u2019 publisher mentioned to them the existence of a Mesoamerican mushroom statuette at Rietberg Museum in Zurich. At around the same time, poet Robert Graves introduced the Wassons to sixteenth-century Hispanic texts which mention the use of intoxicating mushrooms in that part of the world. And during the same period, an increasing number of mushroom-shaped stone objects were discovered in the Guatemalan highlands. However, archaeologists did not make a connection between these objects and the rituals described by the Spanish chroniclers.<\/p>\n Robert Gordon Wasson contacted Eunice Pike, a forty-year-old American missionary who had been living for fifteen years with the Mazatecan indigenous peoples in Oaxaca state, Mexico. In a letter dated 23 March 1953, Pike gave detailed instructions to Wasson on the use of divinatory mushrooms. The Wassons organized the first Mexican expedition in August 1953 with the feeling, in their own words, \u2018of \u00a0being pilgrims on the quest for the search of the Holy Grail, in the footsteps of an ancient and sacred mystery\u2019. Indeed, the couple had the opportunity to attend a night ceremony and they described it meticulously in their papers. They were also able to collect a sample of the fungi that had been used, and to send them to France to Heim, then mycologist at the National Museum of Natural History. Through this connection, the fungi species were identified and described for the first time in Western botanical terminology in Paris. The Mexican psilocybe, called angelitos<\/em> (little angels) by the Mazatecs; the Stropharia cubensis, described by American mycologist Earle and at the time identified in Cuba, Puerto Rico and Belize, but whose psychotropic properties were then unknown to Western science. The Psilocybe c\u00e6rulsescens which had been detected by another US mycologist, Murill, and whose variety Mazatecorum had been identified by Heim; and finally, the Conocybe siligineoides, also identified by Heim.<\/p>\n The Wasson family returned to Mexico twice before finally taking the divinatory mushrooms themselves. On a trip with a photographer friend, Allan Richardson, they pursued further investigations and expanded their collections, as well as beginning to experiment. Gordon Wasson first took mushrooms on June 29th 1955, in Huautla de Jimenez, under the aegis of a renowned healer, Mar\u00eda Sabina. Afterwards he wrote immediately to Roger Heim from Mexico: \u2018My photographer friend and I attended two nights\u2019 ceremonies conducted in the dark by a beautiful shaman. On the first occasion, we both took mushrooms […] The effects they produce are beyond what can be imagined.\u2019 Wasson and Richardson were possibly the first non-Amerindians to experiment with Mexican hallucinogenic mushrooms.<\/p>\n Working with the samples sent to the National Museum of Natural History, Heim and his assistant Roger Cailleux were able to develop cultures of a few species in their cryptogamy laboratory. On May 18th 1956, Heim ingested five fresh Stropharia cubensis Earle on a single evening at home.<\/p>\n In July 1956, Heim embarked on an expedition to Mexico with Robert Gordon Wasson. He harvested abundant crops of six hallucinogenic species, and ingested divinatory mushrooms during two ceremonies with the healer Mar\u00eda Sabina. Heim travelled several more times to Mexico in search of psychotropic mushrooms and could count on the ethnologist Guy-Stresser P\u00e9an\u2019s help \u2013 this was particularly necessary for his investigations into the uses of mushrooms beyond Mazatec country. Among the Totonaques, mushrooms are used to treat cases of espanto<\/em>, a disease which is caused by the loss of the soul, as well as for divination purposes.<\/p>\n Roger Heim, of course, wanted to determine the active substance. He approached Albert Hofmann of Sandoz, a biological research corporation, in the hope that the active agent within hallucinogenic mushroom could be isolated and produced, just as Sandoz had instrumentalised ergot rye alkaloids to make LSD twenty-five fifteen years earlier. In 1958 Hofmann isolated psilocybin and psilocin in Basel. He and his collaborators discovered the first phosphorylated indole substance that was isolated from a natural substance, psilocybin. When ingested, psilocybin is de-phosphorylated and transformed into psilocine, which is the psychoactive substance. Psilocybin, psilocine and LSD are chemically very similar and closely resemble serotonin, a key neurotransmitter of the central nervous system.<\/p>\n The discovery of psilocybin and its synthesizing process led to the production of psilocybin pills. Heim gave these pills to Mar\u00eda Sabina in 1959 and to Hofmann in 1962. \u00a0Mar\u00eda Sabina insisted on ingesting these pills in pairs, following Mazatec etiquette for the ingestion of divinatory mushrooms.<\/p>\n Albert Hofmann had discovered LSD psychic\u2019s effects by accident. For Heim, the Wassons, and the few other non-indigenous-American peoples who had consumed Mexican sacred mushrooms at that time, the experience of their extraordinary effects was equally surprising. Not long after that, the potential utility of mushrooms as psychiatric medication was proposed by Dr Valentina Pavlovna Wasson. Later, through Roger Heim, the Sandoz laboratory sent pure psilocybin in tablet and injectable form to Professor Jean Delay at St. Anne hospital, Paris. Delay supervised a clinical and psycho-physiological study on psilocybin. The participants were thirty healthy subjects, and thirty who were living with mental illness. The study\u2019s findings, edited by Heim and Gordon Wasson, were published in large volume in 1958, and can still be found at the museum: Hallucinogenic mushrooms of Mexico: Ethnological, taxonomic, biological, physiological and chemical studies<\/em>. Psilocybin therefore has a long history of use as treatment for psychiatric pathologies in French hospitals.<\/p>\n In the 1960s, another subject was studied at Sainte Anne hospital: the effects of mushrooms on creativity. Ren\u00e9 Robert, a student of Delay\u2019s, published a psychiatric thesis on the administration of psilocybin to artists-painters. Some paintings produced during this process were exhibited at Sainte Anne in 2015.<\/p>\n This research on psilocybin is part of France\u2019s rich history of experimenting with serotonergic hallucinogens, following experiments done by the pharmacist Alexandre Rouhier on mescaline in the 1920s; by Henry Ey, Henri Claude and Marcel Rancoul in the 1930s; by Jean Delay in the 1950s; and those done on LSD 25 by Gastaut, Delay, Deniker, also in the 1950s, among many others. In the United States and in Canada, between 1950 and 1965, more than 1,000 studies were conducted on the effects of psychedelic substances (notably LSD 25) on palliative care, anxiety, addiction, cognition or behaviour.<\/p>\n Roger Heim returned to Mexico in 1959 and 1961, with Roger Cailleux and a film crew. The Singer-Polignac Foundation, then chaired by Heim, financed a film production entitled Mexican Hallucinogenic Mushrooms<\/em>, directed by Pierre Th\u00e9venard under the scientific supervision of Heim. In the film, Heim, his assistant Roger Cailleux, and Robert Gordon Wasson can be seen searching for specimens in the Mazatec sierra, and it also features a ceremony led by the healer Mar\u00eda Sabina. The film depicts experiments carried out with volunteers in Paris, conducted by Heim and Pierre Th\u00e9venard, a doctor and film-maker from the Pasteur Institute. These fascinating experiments are also related in a book, New Investigations On Hallucinogenic Fungi<\/em>, overseen by Heim and published in 1966 by the National Museum of Natural History Archives.<\/p>\n Since then, prohibitions on psychedelics, enshrined in the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances, have significantly slowed down therapeutic research into those substances both locally and on a global scale \u2013 in spite of the accumulation of encouraging results for the development of new models of mental health care.<\/p>\n Over the past twenty years we have witnessed the renewal of medical interest in psychotropic substances and especially in psilocybin, following the interests of researchers in human and social sciences: anthropologists, literary scholars, historians, philosophers, and more.<\/p>\n In certain circumstances, these substances can facilitate mystical experiences. They expose underground practices in which users are, in spite of the law, seeking to make contact with the sacred. Semi-clandestine initiation centers for the collective use of psilocybin mushrooms, ayahuasca, or the hallucinogenic secretions of the toad \u2018Incilius alvarius Girard\u2019, do exist. Personal development centers or so-called therapy centers are also multiplying. Of course, none of this is risk-free, given the lack of regulation or oversight by knowledgeable authorities.<\/p>\n Qualified as a \u2018psychedelic renaissance\u2019, an expression which seems to have been proposed by British psychiatrist Ben Sessa in 2012, and which has become widely used, this is a cultural and scientific or even spiritual and religious movement which concerns all post-industrial societies and has emerged through a new interest in the psychopharmacological properties of these substances. Their therapeutic value is now accepted, but the extent of their numerous effects remains to be determined.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n Vincent Verroust is a doctoral researcher at the Centre Alexandre-Koyr\u00e9, School of Advanced Studies in Social Sciences, PSL (Paris, France); Associate researcher at the Institut des humanit\u00e9s en m\u00e9decine (University Hospital of Lausanne, Switzerland); Founder and President of the French Psychedelic Society.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n FR :<\/p>\n Le Mus\u00e9um national d’histoire naturelle de Paris et ses recherches sur les champignons divinatoires du Mexique.<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u00ad\u00ad\u00adLe Mus\u00e9um national d\u2019Histoire naturelle de Paris a \u00e9t\u00e9 associ\u00e9 \u00e0 la red\u00e9couverte des champignons hallucinog\u00e8nes du Mexique. Le professeur Roger Heim (1900 – 1979), qui en fut le directeur de 1951 \u00e0 1965, fut celui qui identifia les sp\u00e9cimens collect\u00e9s par les \u00e9poux Wasson, ethnologues Am\u00e9ricains, qui initi\u00e8rent le monde aux rituels Am\u00e9rindiens fond\u00e9s sur l\u2019absorption de champignons \u00e0 des fins divinatoires au Mexique.<\/p>\n Valentina Pavlovna Wasson (1901\u20131958), p\u00e9diatre Am\u00e9ricaine d\u2019origine russe et Robert Gordon Wasson (1898-1986), l\u2019un des vice-pr\u00e9sidents de la banque Morgan, se passionn\u00e8rent pour l\u2019\u00e9tude des rapports entre les peuples et les champignons\u00a0: l\u2019Ethnomycologie. Alors que les \u00e9poux Wasson r\u00e9digeaient l\u2019ouvrage Mushrooms, Russia and History<\/em>, leur \u00e9diteur leur indiqua l\u2019existence d\u2019une statuette m\u00e9soam\u00e9ricaine en forme de champignon au mus\u00e9e Rietberg de Z\u00fcrich. A peu pr\u00e8s \u00e0 la m\u00eame p\u00e9riode, le po\u00e8te Robert Graves leur fit conna\u00eetre les sources hispaniques du XVIe<\/sup> si\u00e8cle mentionnant l\u2019usage de champignons enivrants dans cette r\u00e9gion du monde.\u00a0Dans l\u2019intervalle, un nombre croissant d\u2019objets de pierre en forme de champignon furent d\u00e9couverts sur les hauts plateaux guat\u00e9malt\u00e8ques. Cependant les arch\u00e9ologues ne firent pas le lien avec les rites d\u00e9crits par les chroniqueurs espagnols du XVIe<\/sup> si\u00e8cle.<\/p>\n Robert Gordon Wasson contacta Eunice Pike, femme missionnaire Am\u00e9ricaine \u00e2g\u00e9e de 40 ans, qui vivait depuis quinze ans dans l\u2019\u00c9tat d\u2019Oaxaca au Mexique parmi les Am\u00e9rindiens Mazat\u00e8ques.\u00a0 Dans une lettre dat\u00e9e du 23 mars 1953, elle donna des indications d\u00e9taill\u00e9es \u00e0 Gordon Wasson sur l\u2019usage des champignons divinatoires. Les \u00e9poux Wasson organis\u00e8rent leur premi\u00e8re exp\u00e9dition Mexicaine en ao\u00fbt 1953 avec l\u2019impression, selon leurs propres termes, \u201cd’\u00eatre des p\u00e8lerins lanc\u00e9s \u00e0 la qu\u00eate du Graal, sur les traces d\u2019un myst\u00e8re ancien et sacr\u00e9\u201d. Effectivement, les \u00e9poux Wasson purent assister \u00e0 une c\u00e9r\u00e9monie nocturne et la d\u00e9crire minutieusement. Ils purent aussi collecter un \u00e9chantillonnage d\u2019esp\u00e8ces de champignons utilis\u00e9s, et les envoyer en France pour les transmettre au professeur Roger Heim mycologue au Mus\u00e9um national d\u2019Histoire naturelle. C\u2019est donc \u00e0 Paris que c\u00ad\u00ades esp\u00e8ces furent identifi\u00e9es et d\u00e9crites pour la premi\u00e8re fois : le psilocybe mexicana<\/em>, appel\u00e9 angelitos <\/em>(petits anges) par les Mazat\u00e8ques, le stropharia cubensis<\/em> d\u00e9crit par Earle et \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9poque rep\u00e9r\u00e9 \u00e0 Cuba, Porto-Rico et au B\u00e9lize, mais dont les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s psychotropes \u00e9taient jusque-l\u00e0 inconnues. Enfin le psilocybe c<\/em>\u00e6<\/em>rulsescens<\/em> fut d\u00e9crit par Murill et sa vari\u00e9t\u00e9 Mazatecorum<\/em> par Roger Heim, tout comme le Conocybe siligineoides.<\/em><\/p>\n La famille Wasson retourna deux fois au Mexique avant d\u2019exp\u00e9rimenter enfin les champignons divinatoires. Accompagn\u00e9s d\u2019un ami photographe, Allan Richardson, ils continu\u00e8rent leurs enqu\u00eates et collectes, et Gordon Wasson fit sa premi\u00e8re exp\u00e9rience le 29 juin 1955 \u00e0 Huautla de Jimenez, sous l\u2019\u00e9gide d\u2019une gu\u00e9risseuse renomm\u00e9e, Mar\u00eda Sabina. Gordon Wasson s\u2019empressa d\u2019\u00e9crire \u00e0 Roger Heim depuis le Mexique: \u201cmon ami photographe et moi-m\u00eame avons assist\u00e9 \u00e0 deux c\u00e9r\u00e9monies nocturnes men\u00e9es dans la p\u00e9nombre par une magnifique chamane. \u00c0 la premi\u00e8re occasion, nous avons tous deux pris des champignons. […] Les effets qu\u2019ils produisent sont au-del\u00e0 de ce qui peut \u00eatre imaginable\u201d. Robert Gordon Wasson et le photographe Allan Richardson furent donc a priori les premi\u00e8res personnes non-Am\u00e9rindiennes \u00e0 exp\u00e9rimenter les champignons hallucinog\u00e8nes du Mexique.<\/p>\n Gr\u00e2ce aux \u00e9chantillons de champignons mexicains parvenus au Mus\u00e9um national d\u2019Histoire naturelle, Roger Heim et son assistant Roger Cailleux purent y mettre au point la culture de quelques esp\u00e8ces au laboratoire de cryptogamie. Le 18 mai 1956, Roger Heim ing\u00e9ra \u00e0 son tour cinq Stropharia cubensis <\/em>Earle, un soir seul chez lui.<\/p>\n En juillet de l\u2019ann\u00e9e 1956, Roger Heim participa \u00e0 une exp\u00e9dition au Mexique avec Gordon Wasson o\u00f9 il fit d\u2019abondante r\u00e9colte de six esp\u00e8ces hallucinog\u00e8nes, et participa \u00e0 deux c\u00e9r\u00e9monies de champignons divinatoires avec la gu\u00e9risseuse Mar\u00eda Sabina. Heim effectuera plusieurs s\u00e9jours au Mexique \u00e0 la recherche des champignons psychotropes. Il put compter sur l\u2019aide de l\u2019ethnologue Guy-Stresser P\u00e9an pour investiguer les usages au-del\u00e0 du pays mazat\u00e8que parmi les Totonaques qui se servent des champignons pour traiter les cas d\u2019 \u201cespanto<\/em>\u201d, maladie d\u00fbe \u00e0 la perte de l\u2019\u00e2me, et \u00e9galement \u00e0 des fins divinatoires.<\/p>\n Roger Heim, bien s\u00fbr, chercha \u00e9galement \u00e0 en d\u00e9terminer la substance active. Il s\u2019adressa pour cela \u00e0 Albert Hofmann de la firme Sandoz, pensant que l\u00e0 o\u00f9 l\u2019on avait d\u00e9couvert le LSD 25 en \u00e9tudiant les alcalo\u00efdes de l\u2019ergot du seigle quinze ans auparavant, le principe du champignon hallucinog\u00e8ne pourrait aussi \u00eatre trouv\u00e9. Puis Albert Hofmann isola la psilocybine et la psilocine en 1958 \u00e0 B\u00e2le. Albert Hofmann et ses collaborateurs d\u00e9couvrirent donc la premi\u00e8re substance indolique phosphoryl\u00e9e qui ait \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9e dans la nature, la psilocybine. Ing\u00e9r\u00e9e, la psilocybine est d\u00e9-phosphoryl\u00e9e et se transforme en psilocine qui en fait en est la substance psychoactive. Psilocybine, psilocine et LSD sont chimiquement tr\u00e8s semblables et ressemblent presque \u00e0 la s\u00e9rotonine, un neurotransmetteur fondamental du syst\u00e8me nerveux central.<\/p>\n La d\u00e9couverte de la psilocybine et d\u2019un proc\u00e9d\u00e9 de synth\u00e8se de cette mol\u00e9cule, permirent la production de pilules de psilocybine qui furent offertes par Heim \u00e0 Mar\u00eda Sabina en 1959, puis par Hofmann en 1962. Elle insista pour les ing\u00e9rer en paire, suivant la fa\u00e7on dont les Mazat\u00e8que ing\u00e9reraient eux-m\u00eames les champignons divinatoires.<\/p>\n \u00c0 l\u2019instar d\u2019Albert Hofmann qui d\u00e9couvrit les effets psychiques du LSD par accident, pour Roger Heim, les \u00e9poux Wasson et ceux (non-Am\u00e9rindiens) qui furent les tous premiers \u00e0 consommer les champignons sacr\u00e9s du Mexique, \u00e0 ressentir leurs effets, cela dut repr\u00e9senter une exp\u00e9rience extraordinaire. Rapidement, l\u2019hypoth\u00e8se de leur utilit\u00e9 en psychiatrie fut propos\u00e9e par la p\u00e9diatre Valentina Pavlovna Wasson. Puis par l\u2019entremise de Roger Heim, le laboratoire Sandoz adressa de la psilocybine pure sous forme de comprim\u00e9s et de solutions injectables, au Professeur Jean Delay, \u00e0 l\u2019h\u00f4pital Sainte-Anne. Il y supervisa des \u00e9tudes cliniques et psycho- physiologiques sur la psilocybine concernant treize sujets normaux et trente malades mentaux. On peut, aux archives du Mus\u00e9um, trouver un compte-rendu de ces \u00e9tudes dans un volume publi\u00e9 en 1958 sous la direction de Roger Heim et de Gordon Wasson, intitul\u00e9 : Les champignons hallucinog\u00e8nes du Mexique. \u00c9tudes ethnologiques, taxinomiques, biologiques, physiologiques et chimiques<\/em>.\u00a0 La psilocybine a ainsi pu \u00eatre utilis\u00e9e en France dans le traitement de pathologies psychiatriques en milieu hospitalier.<\/p>\n Dans les ann\u00e9es 60, un autre domaine fut \u00e9tudi\u00e9 \u00e0 Sainte-Anne, celui de la cr\u00e9ativit\u00e9. Ren\u00e9 Robert, \u00e9l\u00e8ve du Professeur Delay, publia une th\u00e8se en psychiatrie bas\u00e9e sur un protocole d\u2019administration de psilocybine \u00e0 des artistes peintres. Certaines des toiles produites \u00e0 cette \u00e9poque ont \u00e9t\u00e9 expos\u00e9es \u00e0 l\u2019h\u00f4pital Sainte-Anne en 2015.<\/p>\n Cette recherche sur la psilocybine en psychiatrie est une partie de l\u2019histoire exp\u00e9rimentale en France avec les hallucinog\u00e8nes s\u00e9rotoninergiques, \u00e0 la suite des exp\u00e9rimentations men\u00e9es sur la mescaline par le pharmacien Alexandre Rouhier dans les ann\u00e9es 20, par Henry Ey, Henri Claude et Marcel Rancoul dans les ann\u00e9es 30, par Jean Delay dans les ann\u00e9es 50, ou encore celles men\u00e9es sur le LSD 25 par Gastaut, Delay, Deniker, toujours dans les ann\u00e9es 50 et ce parmi tant d\u2019autres. Aux \u00c9tats-Unis comme au Canada, il y eu entre 1950 et 1965 plus de 1000 \u00e9tudes portant sur les soins palliatifs, l\u2019anxi\u00e9t\u00e9, l\u2019addiction, la cognition ou le comportement, impliquant l\u2019usage de substances psych\u00e9d\u00e9liques et particuli\u00e8rement du LSD 25.<\/p>\n Roger Heim retournera au Mexique en 1959 et en 1961, accompagn\u00e9 de Roger Cailleux et d\u2019une \u00e9quipe de tournage. La Fondation Singer-Polignac que pr\u00e9sidait alors Roger Heim finan\u00e7a la production d\u2019un film intitul\u00e9 Les champignons hallucinog\u00e8nes du Mexique<\/em> r\u00e9alis\u00e9 par Pierre Th\u00e9venard sous la direction scientifique de Heim. On y voit Roger Heim, son assistant Roger Cailleux et Robert Gordon Wasson \u00e0 la recherche de sp\u00e9cimens dans la sierra mazat\u00e8que et une c\u00e9r\u00e9monie dirig\u00e9e par la gu\u00e9risseuse Mar\u00eda Sabina. Le film montre aussi des exp\u00e9riences qui furent men\u00e9es avec des volontaires \u00e0 Paris, sous la supervision de Roger Heim et de Pierre Th\u00e9venard m\u00e9decin-r\u00e9alisateur de l\u2019Institut Pasteur. Ces exp\u00e9riences fascinantes sont rapport\u00e9es dans un ouvrage intitul\u00e9 \u00ab\u00a0Nouvelles investigations sur les champignons hallucinog\u00e8nes\u00a0\u00bb<\/em>, r\u00e9alis\u00e9 par Heim et publi\u00e9 en 1966 dans la collection des Archives du Mus\u00e9um national d\u2019Histoire naturelle.<\/p>\n L\u2019interdiction des substances psych\u00e9d\u00e9liques, ent\u00e9rin\u00e9e par la Convention de 1971 sur les substances psychotropes a d\u00e8s lors significativement ralenti la recherche th\u00e9rapeutique sur ces substances \u00e0 une \u00e9chelle globale, en d\u00e9pit de l\u2019accumulation de r\u00e9sultats encourageants pour le d\u00e9veloppement de nouveaux mod\u00e8les de prise en charge de la sant\u00e9 mentale.<\/p>\n Ces 20 derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es, nous avons remarqu\u00e9 un regain croissant de l\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat m\u00e9dical pour ces substances psychotropes dont la psilocybine, ainsi que de celui des chercheur\u00b7e\u00b7s en sciences humaines et sociales : anthropologues, chercheurs en \u00e9tudes litt\u00e9raires, historien\u00b7ne\u00b7s, philosophes\u2026<\/p>\n Dans certaines situations, ces substances peuvent mener \u00e0 des exp\u00e9riences mystiques qui sous-tendent des pratiques dans lesquelles les utilisateurs sont, en d\u00e9pit de la loi, \u00e0 la recherche d\u2019un lien personnel et direct avec le sacr\u00e9. Des centres plus ou moins clandestins d\u2019initiation \u00e0 l\u2019usage collectif de champignons \u00e0 psilocybine, d\u2019ayahuasca ou de secr\u00e9tions du crapaud \u00ab\u00a0Incilius\u00a0alvarius<\/em> Girard \u00bb<\/em>. Ces centres de d\u00e9veloppement personnel ou de th\u00e9rapie se multiplient, ce qui bien s\u00fbr n\u2019est pas sans risques, compte-tenu de l\u2019absence de contr\u00f4le par les autorit\u00e9s comp\u00e9tentes en la mati\u00e8re.<\/p>\n Qualifi\u00e9 de \u201crenaissance psych\u00e9d\u00e9lique\u201d, expression qui semble avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 propos\u00e9e par le psychiatre britannique Ben Sessa en 2012 et qui a fait flor\u00e8s, ce mouvement culturel et scientifique voire spirituel et religieux concerne l\u2019ensemble des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s post-industrielles, r\u00e9sultat probable des propri\u00e9t\u00e9s psychopharmacologiques de ces substances. Leur valeur th\u00e9rapeutique est d\u00e9sormais admise, mais l\u2019\u00e9tendue de leurs nombreux effets reste encore \u00e0 pr\u00e9ciser.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Vincent Verroust<\/strong><\/p>\n Doctorant au Centre Alexandre-Koyr\u00e9 (\u00c9cole des hautes \u00e9tudes en sciences sociales, Paris)<\/p>\n Chercheur associ\u00e9 \u00e0 l’Institut des humanit\u00e9s en m\u00e9decine (Centre hospitalier universitaire vaudois, Lausanne)<\/p>\n Pr\u00e9sident et co-fondateur de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 psych\u00e9d\u00e9lique fran\u00e7aise<\/p>\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" English + French bellow The National Museum of Natural History of Paris has been involved in the rediscovery of hallucinogenic mushrooms in Mexico. Professor Roger Heim (1900 – 1979), director of the museum from 1951 to 1965, was the botanist who identified specimens collected by the Wassons, American ethnologists known for introducing the Anglophone…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1270","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mathiasdelattre.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1270","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mathiasdelattre.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mathiasdelattre.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mathiasdelattre.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mathiasdelattre.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1270"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/mathiasdelattre.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1270\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1271,"href":"https:\/\/mathiasdelattre.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1270\/revisions\/1271"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mathiasdelattre.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1270"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}